Executive Summary

Camille Michon, MA, Amélie Keyser-Verreault, PhD, and Guylaine Demers, PhD

This literature review on LGBTQI2S was conducted for the Gender+ Equity in Sport in Canada Research Hub to serve as a foundational report for strategic research priorities development.

The review took place from May to September 2020.

Results (yield of n = 14 301) were limited by year (2000-2020) and English or French language. Initial findings were included (n = 218) when they were relevant after abstract review and excluded (n = 14 083) when we found duplicates, after title and abstract review. Grey literature will be additionally explored this November by browsing organizational websites like the Canadian Center for Ethics in sport (CCES), the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the Canadian Olympic Committee (COC), Canadian Women in Sport, Egale Canada, Égale Action, VIAsport, You Can Play and TransAthlete.

Key Findings

LGBTQI2S in sport has been vastly explored in the last decade. Indeed, of the 218 previous scientific articles compiled to date, 172 of them (78.9 %) have been written in the last 10 years. In fact, over 50% (n = 116) of the studies cited in this review have been published since 2015, demonstrating the growing interest in this research topic.
Varying contexts: From elite athletes and professional sports to school athletics, physical education and recreational sports. The first studies concerning LGBTQI2S in sport were conducted around elite athletes and mediatized events (e.g., Olympic athletes or Olympic politics, Gay Games participants, WNBA). These studies pointed out specific cases of elite athletes experiencing particular situations due to their sexual orientation (e.g., personal and public impacts of professional athletes’ coming out) or their gender identity (e.g., IOC’s gender verification methods, IAAF genetic screening of female athletes, IOC’s questions around transsexual athletes eligibility). Recently in research, many studies concerning physical activity courses (n = 17, from 2009 to 2020) and school athletics (n = 13, from 2009 to 2019) are conducted and they are representing another population that hasn’t been documented a lot in our subject of interest. Indeed, these studies tend to present the reality of young people and offer a large portrait of a situation instead of case studies. Hence, the studies tends to giving a portrait of what LGBTQI2S students or athletes are living (e.g., marginalization that LGBTQI2S youth and allies experience, problematic of changing rooms for trans students) and detail these particular types of environment (e.g., perceptions and experiences of teachers and trainers with LGBTQI2S students or athletes, specificities surrounding high school sport environment for LGBTQI2S individuals, initiatives of sensitization around youth transgender issues, queering pedagogy in physical education).
Sexual orientation: Mostly around gay and lesbian in sport and homophobia. Since our literature review focusses specifically on women in sport, researches on gay in sport weren’t compiled in our selected articles. Though, through our researches in data bases, it was possible to see that multiple studies around the subject have been done (e.g., gay athletes, sport participants, sports teams, sports leagues, events). The parallel with lesbian in sport studies is possible, since we found some of them (n = 13) on multiple themes (e.g., lesbian stigma in sport, silencing women coaches with non-normative sexuality, available sporting spaces for lesbian sexualities, impacts on sport and sponsorships of professional athletes’ coming outs). Something that was interesting in those studies was the fact that “gay-only” teams or leagues were discriminating of other sexual orientation or varying gender identities. The notions of “homonormativity”(King, 2008) and “gayborhoods”(Knee, 2019) were two revealing examples of this kind of hierarchy inside de LGBTQI2S community and also accurate to sport context.
Gender identity: Focus on transgender athletes and their eligibility to compete. This is by far the most studied subject in our literature review with 53 articles on transgender or transphobia in sport, with the majority of them (n = 32 on 53, 60 %) published in the past 5 years. The majority of them draw a portrait of the sporting experience of specific transgender athletes as well as the barriers encountered in their journey, mainly in relation to their eligibility to take part in different levels of competition and discrimination they face in the sporting context. The only two articles on transphobia implied athletes in school settings in the United States and they highlighted the great disparity between policies and the measures put in place to integrate them safely (Acklin, 2017; Shrader, 2017).
Research on queer sports or athletes is in growing popularity. Of all the topics surrounding LGBTQI2S in sport, queer athletes, queer sports, or queer theories in sports contexts are increasingly being studied (n = 13 on 218, 6%, majorly published between 2016 and 2020). Indeed, this subject is growing in popularity, as these studies mainly attempt to offer a sport context that is different from the one we are used to. Indeed, whether it’s in the context of physical education classes or organized sport, adopting a queer posture allows sport to break through pre-established frameworks and allow a greater number of individuals to recognize themselves in that specific context.

Top Research Gaps

Researches on specifics groups and contexts :
- Intersex athletes/sport participant
- Bisexual athletes/sport participant
- Two-spirit athletes/sport participant and First Nations’ sporting context
Evaluation of politics and inclusion strategies
Longitudinal studies

Application: Priority Questions or Next Steps

What are the sporting experiences of intersex/bisexual (pansexual and asexual)/two-spirit athletes at all levels of competition?
What are the sporting experiences of LGBTQI2S athletes from ethnic minorities (e.g., First Nations, African-American, etc.)?
Are the inclusion politics or strategies at all levels of competition efficient to help LGBTQI2S population integrate, feel comfortable and stay in a sporting context?
What are the long-term sporting experiences of LGBTQI2S sport participants from all levels of competition?

Abstract

This literature review is a foundational document for the E-Alliance Gender+ Equity in Sport in Canada Research Hub. Lead by Dr Guylaine Demers and Dr Amélie Keyser-Verreault, the research team searched through Ariane and Sofia, both Laval University library’s databases searching devices that went through EBSCO, ERIC, PsycINFO and Taylor & Francis databases and CCES, CIO and specific sporting organization (e.g., Egale Canada, You Can Play, TransAthlete) for research related to LGBTQI2S in sport. Key findings that emerged included the fact that research around LGBTQI2S athletes and sports participants were vastly explored in the last decade, and in varying sporting contexts. Still, most researches have been around gay and lesbian sports participants and homophobia. When we explored gender identity in sports, the focus was mainly on transgender athletes and their eligibility to compete, especially for trans women. Lastly, we noticed that researches on queer sports and athletes was in growing popularity. We also identified key gaps, such as researches on specifics groups like intersex, bisexual and two-spirit athletes or sports participants and contexts like First Nations’ sporting context. Moreover, many politics and inclusion strategies have been implanted in different sporting organizations, but few have evaluated their efficiency. Also, there are few longitudinal studies evaluating LGBTQI2S athletes or sports participants’ sporting experiences. Based on the results from our review, future gender+ equity in sport in Canada research should focus on the sporting experiences of intersex/bisexual (pansexual and asexual)/two-spirit athletes at all levels of competition. Also, it would be interesting to know the sporting experiences of LGBTQ+ athletes from ethnic minorities. On another level, it is important that the inclusion politicies or strategies at all levels of competition are efficient and enable the individuals from the LGBTQI2S community to feel include and therefore comfortable to stay and develop themselves various sporting context. Finally, longitudinal and long-term research on sporting experiences of LGBTQI2S sport participants from all levels of competition should be a methodology to be used furtherly in that specific domain.

Introduction

Regarding the historical context of studies of gender + equity in sport in Canada, specifically concerning studies on LGBTQI2S people, they took root in the 1980s with Canadian pioneers in the field. Indeed, the first studies to emerge on the subject were carried out by researchers like Helen Lenskyj who tried to offer the world of sport a new portrait of women and sexualities in sport. Through her book "Out of Bounds: Women, Sport, and Sexuality" (1986), she presents a sound analysis of women's sport participation as well as of the control of their reproductive capacity and sexuality in sport. It was in the early 1990s that studies focusing on sexual diversity began to emerge in sport. One of the first researcher to offer a portrait of lesbians in sport and the lesbophobia experienced is Caroline Fusco “Lesbians and Locker Rooms: Challenging Lesbophobia” (Fusco, 1995). Heather Sykes was also very active in this field of research, particularly in the context of physical education and the representation of lesbians (Sykes, 1996; Sykes, 1998A). She was also one of the first to adopt the queer theoretical framework in the context of physical education (Sykes, 1998B).

The principals constructs surrounding LGBTQI2S issues in sport are sexual orientation and gender identity. According to definition from the CCES guide Creating Inclusive Environments for Trans Participants in Canadian Sport Guide (2016), sexual orientation refers to “human sexuality, from gay and lesbian to bisexual and heterosexual orientations”. It would be better to say that sexual orientation, attraction or behavior goes beyond those four previously cited (Abrams & Brito, 2019). In this literature review, we also considered pansexual and asexual athletes and sport participants. When it comes to gender identity, the definition cites that it refers to a “person’s internal and individual experience of gender, […] sense of being a woman, a man, both, neither or anywhere along the gender spectrum. A person’s gender identity may be the same as or different from their birth-assigned sex.” (CCES, 2016). It is important to understand that sexual orientation and gender identity are not related and should be considered as two separate entities. In other words, a person’s gender identity won’t predict or reveal anything about their sexual orientation.

Review Methods

The main databases that were consulted to carry out this literature review were retrieved from the scientific article search platforms Sofia and Ariane 2.0 of Laval University library (see Annex 1 for complete review method of scientific articles). Sofia platform is connected to the entire Quebec university network and makes it possible to search for scientific articles in various databases simultaneously. Ariane 2.0 platform offers the same type of research, but exclusively in Laval University network. Thus, the main databases consulted are EBSCO, ERIC, PsycINFO, Taylor & Francis, Cairn.info and HeinOnline's Law Journal Library. For the grey literature, the principal Canadian sports organizations websites will be screened to find information about how they engage (or not) with the LGBTQI2S community relating to sports. The resources, programs and training tabs will be looked upon.

The method used to exclude irrelevant articles was by article’s subject and abstract screening by one research assistant. Both French and English articles were kept in our review and articles from 2000 to 2020 were considered. Duplicates were systematically eliminated through the search. There were no geographic limitations considering that few studies were conducted on the subject. We decided to exclude articles that referred to only gay athletes or sport participants since our major concern was to have a portrait of gender equity and sport. The keywords found in the articles’ abstracts were also consulted to confirm or infirm their relevance to this literature review. The articles abstracts were reviewed for a final detailed scan to confirm their relevance. Every article found were classified by principal theme and sub-theme (see Annex 2 and Annex 3 for details).

Note Bene: Documenting methods in this case is less about ‘getting things methodologically correct’ and more about documenting exactly the process we took to end up with the results we did to ensure that the literature review could, theoretically, be updated by following the same process (and/or modified through altering the steps).

Current State of Knowledge

Varying contexts: From elite athletes and professional sports to school athletics, physical education and recreational sports. The first studies concerning LGBTQI2S in sport were conducted around elite athletes and mediatized events (e.g., Olympic athletes or Olympic politics, Gay Games participants, WNBA). These studies pointed out specific cases of elite athletes experiencing particular situations due to their sexual orientation (e.g., personal and public impacts of professional athletes’ coming out) or their gender identity (e.g., IOC’s gender verification methods, IAAF genetic screening of female athletes, IOC’s questions around transsexual athletes eligibility). Recently in research, many studies concerning physical activity courses (n = 17, from 2009 to 2020) and school athletics (n = 13, from 2009 to 2019) are conducted and they are representing another population that hasn’t been documented a lot in our subject of interest. Indeed, these studies tend to present the reality of young people and offer a large portrait of a situation instead of case studies. Hence, the studies tends to giving a portrait of what LGBTQI2S students or athletes are living (e.g., marginalization that LGBTQI2S youth and allies experience, problematic of changing rooms for trans students) and detail these particular types of environment (e.g., perceptions and experiences of teachers and trainers with LGBTQI2S students or athletes, specificities surrounding high school sport environment for LGBTQI2S individuals, initiatives of sensitization around youth transgender issues, queering pedagogy in physical education).

Physical Education

Need to shift towards a queer inclusive physical education (Hunter, 2019; Landi, 2018, 2019; Larsson & al., 2014; Válková, 2020).
It seems that the queer pupils and not necessarily the non-heterosexual pupils are excluded and put ‘at the margins’ in the gym. Any real attempt to challenge gender stereotypes in physical education would then also be an attempt to challenge heteronormativity in the gym (Larsson & al., 2009).
Need for LGBTQ students to get to know themselves through meaningful movement experiences rather than only focus on power and performance sports (Block, 2014).
Need for physical educators to examine their teaching practices that promote hegemonic masculinity and femininity, as well as individual views toward LGBTQ students (Block, 2014).
Need for diverse politics of recognition to enhance empathetic imagination to foster the possibilities for recognition and dialog between gender privileged and oppressed individuals and groups (Devís-Devís, Pereira-García, Fuentes-Miguel, & al., 2018).
Even though there is a current surge in LGBTQ focused research in physical education, some researchers have met a complex web of interconnected and staunch problems that limit their researches. There is a need for this particular field of study to get more amicable for LGBTQ inspired research and researchers (Landi & al., 2020).
Considering trans person’s sporting experiences in physical education, heteronormative contexts strongly determined it and trans participants that did not performed gender conforming practices were abjectified in this context. Trans participants could face exclusion, rejection and harassment (Devís-Devís, & al., 2018).

School Athletics

On intersectionality in school athletics, there are four themes that have been pointed out has important to be studied: (a) racially influenced experiences, (b) managing lesbian-ness, (c) organizational climate, and (d) organizational outcomes (Walker & Melton, 2015).
Many athletic trainers hold positive attitudes toward LGB student-athletes, especially females, those who have an LGB friend or family member, and those who are aware of LGB student-athletes. Nevertheless, it is still important to provide an open environment in the athletic training room for all student-athletes (Ensign & al., 2011). Athletic traines have a generally positive view of treating LGBTQ student-athlete patients and want more training and education on the specific needs of this population (Nye & al., 2019).
On coaches experiences, four primary themes have been pointed out has important to be studied: team environment dogmas and observations, fundamental beliefs contributing to perceptions of LGB athletes, types and timing of sexual orientation disclosure, and differential LGB athlete characteristics (M. K. Halbrook & al., 2019).
Need to more thoroughly assess the current sport team environment with regard to LGB athletes, as well as the creation of high school coach education training and resources (M. Halbrook & Watson, 2018).
Need for future research and interventions focused on coaches and LGBTQ ally trainings (Toomey & McGeorge, 2018).
Only one coach of more than 1,000 from intercollegiate sport in the United State swas identified as having a same-sex partner in university-sponsored coaching biographies. It seems that collegiate athletics is not as accepting to homosexuality even though societal acceptance is increasing (Bass & al., 2015).
Need for academic research within flagship journals, to facilitate appropriate school-based initiatives and interventions (Greenspan & al., 2017).
Sexual orientation : Mostly around gay and lesbian in sport and homophobia. Since our literature review focusses specifically on women in sport, researches on gay in sport weren’t compiled in our selected articles. Though, through our researches in data bases, it was possible to see that multiple studies around the subject have been done (e.g., gay athletes, sport participants, sports teams, sports leagues, events). The parallel with lesbian in sport studies is possible, since we found some of them (n = 13) on multiple themes (e.g., lesbian stigma in sport, silencing women coaches with non-normative sexuality, available sporting spaces for lesbian sexualities, impacts on sport and sponsorships of professional athletes’ coming outs). Something that was interesting in those studies was the fact that “gay-only” teams or leagues were discriminating of other sexual orientation or varying gender identities. The notions of “homonormativity”(King, 2008) and “gayborhoods”(Knee, 2019) were two revealing examples of this kind of hierarchy inside de LGBTQI2S community and also accurate to sport context.
- For adolescents’ sports practice and physical activity, compared with heterosexual females, sexual minority females were less likely to participate in team sports and more likely to be overweight or obese. Sexual minority males were less likely than heterosexual males to be physically active or to participate in team sports (Mereish & Poteat, 2015).
- Sexual minorities (i.e., lesbian, gay, bisexual, mostly heterosexual) reported 1.21-2.62 hours/week less moderate/vigorous physical activity and were 46%-76% less likely to participate in team sports than same-gender heterosexuals. Gender nonconformity and athletic self-esteem accounted for 46%-100% of sexual orientation moderate/vigorous physical activity differences (Calzo & al., 2014).
- Parent with prejudicial attitudes toward gays and lesbians predicted unwillingness to allow their children to be trained by a homosexual to coach. Their opinion was most often based on negative gay and lesbian stereotypes (Sartore & Cunningham, 2009).
- There are still barriers to sports participation for sexual minority youth despite changing societal attitudes and laudable efforts to reduce homophobia in sports. There is still a need to understand the factors that limit sports participation for these youth and to inform program development (Doull & al., 2018).
- Sexual orientation and physical characteristics are often the basis for harassment and exclusion in sport and physical activity. There is a need for future physical activity professionals to recognize exclusion, suggesting they could benefit from programs that move beyond awareness to skills and strategies for creating more inclusive programs (Gill & al., 2010).
- Sports can facilitate the expression of nonconventional sexualities by facilitating the coming out process and the expression of non-normative sexualities (Ravel & Rail, 2008).
Gender identity : Focus on transgender athletes and their eligibility to compete. This is by far the most studied subject in our literature review with 53 articles on transgender or transphobia in sport, with the majority of them (n = 32 on 53, 60 %) published in the past 5 years. The majority of them draw a portrait of the sporting experience of specific transgender athletes as well as the barriers encountered in their journey, mainly in relation to their eligibility to take part in different levels of competition and discrimination they face in the sporting context. The only two articles on transphobia implied athletes in school settings in the United States and they highlighted the great disparity between policies and the measures put in place to integrate them safely (Acklin, 2017; Shrader, 2017).
- Need for sport managers to enhance participation, enjoyment and wellbeing of trans people in sport practice and physical activity (Pérez-Samaniego & al., 2019).
- History of gender testing and gender verification in sports (Bohuon & Gimenez, 2019; Dickinson BD & al., 2002; Elsas LJ & al., 2000; Henne, 2014; Montañola & Olivesi, 2016; Wahlert & Fiester, 2012).
- Attitudes towards trans people in sports do differ by context, with participants reporting significantly more negative attitudes in gender-segregated settings. Some safety concerns named by opponents of trans rights may be sincere, but they may also be more reflective of a subjective and fearful worldview than of objective reality (Buck & Obzud, 2018).
- Need for sport to fully meet the needs of all athletes by reconsidering segregation by sex in sports (Lucas-Carr & Krane, 2012) .
- Positive experiences in sport were more uniformly reported by transwomen than by transmen. Lesbian softball leagues with non-sex-binary based transinclusive policies may offer a model for queering mainstream sporting spaces away from the socially constructed categories of the binary sex system (Travers & Deri, 2011).
- Need to imagine queer modes of rethinking sports in a way to challenge sex segregation in sports and the interlocking discourses of racism, (cis)sexism, and transphobia (Fischer & Mcclearen, 2020).
- Trans people who engage in sport, both competitively and for leisure, report discrimination and victimisation (Jones & al., 2017a).
- Young trans adults who are medically transitioning have experienced several barriers to physical activity and sport, despite being motivated to be physically active. Initiatives to facilitate young trans adults to be able to put their motivations into practice (i.e. to be more physically active) are needed (Jones & al., 2017b).
- Mainstream sports and physical activity spaces like swimming pools are often experienced as relatively unsafe by transgender people, both pre- and post-transition (Elling-Machartzki, 2017).
- On trans people sporting experiences, four interconnected themes have been pointed out has important to be studied: the intimidating nature of the changing/locker room environment; the impact of alienating sports experiences at school; the fear of public space and how this drastically constrained their ability to engage in sport and physical activity; and the overall effects of being denied the social, health and wellbeing aspects of sport (Hargie & al., 2017).
- Trans people are less physically active and reported lower social support and physical self-perception than their cisgender peers (Muchicko & al., 2014).
- Need for inclusive leisure settings and programs as well as increased social support for transgender individuals to maximize leisure-time physical activity (Buzuvis, 2016; Muchicko & al., 2014). The lack of inclusive policies for trans athletes has resulted in discrimination, exclusion, and harassment (Teetzel & Weaving, 2017).
- Trans persons were more involved in physical activity in sport when they used to hide or conceal their gender identities when participating. A decrease in physical activity in sport participation is observed after gender disclosure that can be linked to an acute potential period of anxiety, discrimination, and victimization caused by trans persons’ body exposure (López-Cañada & al., 2020).
Research on queer sports or athletes is in growing popularity. Of all the topics surrounding LGBTQI2S in sport, queer athletes, queer sports, or queer theories in sports contexts are increasingly being studied (n = 13 on 218, 6%, majorly published between 2016 and 2020). Indeed, this subject is growing in popularity, as these studies mainly attempt to offer a sport context that is different from the one we are used to. Indeed, whether it’s in the context of physical education classes or organized sport, adopting a queer posture allows sport to break through pre-established frameworks and allow a greater number of individuals to recognize themselves in that specific context.

Methodological Approaches and Methods

In studies carried out on the topic of LGBTQI2S in sport, a large proportion of them have been described in sociological or socio-historical study methods. Indeed, a large number of them recount key facts in the history of sport, sporting events or specific cases of athletes in the media. Otherwise, the studies are mainly based on qualitative methodologies, exploring precise contexts of practice or specific sports where LGBTQI2S issues are present. Quantitative methodologies have also been put forward in the exploration of this theme, often carried out through questionnaires submitted in school contexts or in larger sports contexts. However, this latter methodological approach is less use than the two previously mentioned.

Who has been engaged as participants?

Regarding the participants, their representation is very broad and covers a wide spectrum of sports practice. Indeed, the participants in the studies come from recreational to professional sports and the same applies to the variety of contexts studied. When studies began on LGBTQI2S people in sport, the majority of studies were carried out in high-level sports contexts. This tendency have changed through time, and we have seen in recent years that it is school sports and physical education classes that are now popular in this area of research.

Which theories/theoretical frameworks have been used?

In this literature review, not all of the articles collected presented or were based on a theoretical framework. In the studies with a theoretical framework, it's feminist or queer theories that have been put forward to set the base. As mentioned by Kaeur and Krane (2013) when it comes to the theoretical framework and sexual identity in sport, its understanding and discussion is guided by a queer feminist foundation and social identity perspective. Thus, feminist theoretical frameworks put gender at the center of their analysis and feminist studies recognize the social hierarchy which tends to privilege men as well as masculinity at the expense of women and femininity (Kaeur & Krane, 2013). As for the queer theoretical framework, it further details feminist analysis by emphasizing the confrontation with heteronormativity, or male privilege and the normalization of heterosexuality in our society (Kaeur & Krane, 2013). Hence, those two theoretical frameworks offers different perspectives while studying gender identity, sexual identity or orientation in sport.

For a full list of academic and grey literature identified through this review, please consult the Gender+ Equity in Sport in Canada Zotero Library under the LGBTQI2S file.

Academic

The scientific literature’s review shed light on the wide range of recent studies on LGBTQI2S people in sport. Indeed, from the studies on sexual orientations, since the last 40 years, we get to better understand the reality of gay and lesbian athletes, while observing the evolution of the sporting context in the face of sexual diversity and challenging heteronormativity. Studies on sexual orientations have been necessary to demonstrate the discrimination and homophobia that gay and lesbian athletes were facing during their sports’ practice. On the gender identity front, queer studies and studies especially on transgender people in sport are also booming. These studies helps to take into account the breadth of gender identities in sport and adapt that context to the realities of queer, transgender, non-binary and other people. The sporting context tends to evolve over time since the people who are part of it, including LGBTQI2S people, are real vectors of change.

Grey Literature

Grey literature review will be done in November 2020 and will trace the initiatives, the policies and the programs that have been put in place in sports organizations specifically in Canada and North America. We have drawn up a list of sports organizations that we would like to consult this fall in order to trace all the procedures that have been taken in relation to LGBTQI2S people. After doing the grey literature review, we would like to have a concrete portrait of the initiatives put in place in Canadian sports organizations. In addition, we would like to determine whether and in what respect these initiatives are having an impact.

Discussion: Gaps and Future Directions

Limitations of theoretical approaches used

The limitations regarding theoretical approaches are mainly related to the fact that the diversities of LGBTQI2S people are not all specifically represented in current studies. Thus, although feminist and queer theories are very open to diversity, they do not answer all the questions and are insufficiently linked to perspectives of intersectionality. We see some research that offers a theoretical framework joining feminist or queer studies to those of black studies and have great theoretical potential for example, but these researches are still too few to date.

Limitations of methodological approaches and methods used

Regarding the limitations related to methodological approaches, the main observation is that there is a lack of large-scale studies using a longitudinal design. Indeed, as the majority of studies use qualitative estimates by having one-off interviews with small population pools, the representativeness of the results collected is not very generalizable. Thus, even if these studies provide a portrait of a given situation, it is practically impossible to draw generic conclusions or to compare different contexts. Longitudinal studies with a large population would provide a very detailed portrait of LGBTQI2S people in sport and allow us to better understand the differences between groups. In addition, longitudinal studies offers a temporal measure that makes it possible to see the evolution of people in their sporting practice and to identify the facilitating elements or the barriers experienced. In general, this type of study requires much more time and resources to realize, but given the extent of studies with LGBTQI2S people, it would seem that this is the next step in order to complement the studies previously carried out.

Limitations of populations and identities engaged

In the acronym LGBTQI2S representing the population under study, we noticed that not all individuals are represented or studied to the same extent. Indeed, certain groups such as gay and lesbian individuals are more widely the focus of the studies in sport as these two groups are associated with homosexuality, a topic that has been known for a long time comparing to the other. Regarding sexual orientations, with regard to bisexual, pansexual, asexual and other sexual orientations, studies are much less numerous, if not non-existent. On the side of gender identity and gender expression, studies surrounding transgender and queer individuals are increasing and thus help to define our knowledge of their experiences in sport. However, two-spirit individuals are very poorly represented in current studies. To finish, intersex individuals in sports contexts are also rarely the focus of the researches, which gives us a very limited portrait of their situation. Indeed, with regard to intersex athletes or sport participant, the only point currently under the magnifying glass is the question of their eligibility in competition or their inclusion in sport categories.

Existing Gaps in our Knowledge

As mentioned in the previous section, one of the main gap in the current literature on LGBTQI2S people is that some members of this community are underrepresented. Indeed, there is currently a lack of research specifically focusing on certain groups and contexts such as intersex, bisexual, pansexual, asexual and two-spirit athletes or sport participant and First Nations' sporting context. Additionally, we have seen great enthusiasm for creating policies and educational trainings to educate members of the sporting community about LGBTQI2S realities, however, few of them have been evaluated. In fact, often measurements are taken on or directly after conducting the training, but the long-term repercussions as well as the impacts on LGBTQI2S athletes or sport participants are not being evaluated. Likewise, there are few studies using a longitudinal design of LGBTQI2S athletes or sport participants. This type of study would make it possible to have a much more complete picture of the sporting experiences of LGBTQI2S people over time and to follow them in their progress by noting the barriers as well as the facilitating elements in their experience.

Future Directions and Recommendations

Theoretical or research directions

For the upcoming studies on LGBTQI2S people in sport, it would be necessary to integrate an intersectional perspective in order to further define the sport experience of individual who are situated at the intersection of multiple identities. Indeed, studies in the field have been mainly carried out with North American, white, middle-class and non-disabled individuals, which necessarily affects the state of the knowledge and implies important limitations. In order to be able to properly define the sport experience of all members of the LGBTQI2S community, it is more than necessary to open up horizons and consider other types of minorities in the context of these studies.

Applied directions

As for concrete applications in terms of research, we have targeted key questions which we believe are essential to answer in the coming years. These questions primarily relate to the last letters of the acronym LGBTQI2S and those not presented there (e.g., asexual, pansexual, questioning, non-binary, etc.). Those questions are :

What are the sporting experiences of intersex/bisexual (pansexual and asexual)/two-spirit athletes at all levels of competition?
What are the sporting experiences of LGBTQI2S athletes from the First Nations?
Are the inclusion politics or strategies at all levels of competition efficient to help LGBTQI2S population integrate, feel comfortable and stay in a sporting context?
What are the long term sporting experiences of LGBTQI2S sport participants from all levels of competition?

We realize that even with these questions we do not answer all the gaps present in the current literature around LGBTQI2S in sport. However, these avenues of research make it possible to detail specific subjects that are insufficiently known and studied at present. Each new study on the subject makes it possible to better identify the specificities of LGBTQI2S community’s experiences in sport and, at the same time, makes it possible to advance knowledge as well as reduce the discrimination experienced.

References

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Abrams, M. & Brito, J. (2019). 46 Terms That Describe Sexual Attraction, Behavior, and Orientation. https://www.healthline.com/health/different-types-of-sexuality

Bass, J., Hardin, R., & Taylor, E. A. (2015). The Glass Closet: Perceptions of Homosexuality in Intercollegiate Sport. Journal of Applied Sport Management, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.18666/JASM-2015-V7-I4-5298

Block, B. A. (2014). Supporting LGBTQ Students in Physical Education: Changing the Movement Landscape. Quest, 66(1), 14–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2013.824904

Bohuon, A., & Gimenez, I. (2019). Athletic performance and gender categories The case of María José Martínez Patiño and the problem of “unfair” advantages. Genèses, 115(2), 9. https://doi.org/10.3917/gen.115.0009

Buck, D. M., & Obzud, T. (2018). Context-Dependent Transprejudice: Attitudes Toward Transgender Individuals in Gender-Integrated and Gender-Segregated Settings. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 5(1), 117–121. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000251

Buzuvis, E. E. (2016). “As Who They Really Are”: Expanding Opportunities for Transgender Athletes to Participate in Youth and Scholastic Sports. Law & Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice, 34(2), 384. Ariane Articles.

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Devís-Devís, J., Pereira-García, S., Fuentes-Miguel, J., López-Cañada, E., & Pérez-Samaniego, V. (2018). Opening up to trans persons in Physical Education–Sport Tertiary Education: Two case studies of recognition in queer pedagogy. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 23(6), 623–635. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2018.1485142

Devís-Devís, J., Pereira-García, S., López-Cañada, E., Pérez-Samaniego, V., & Fuentes-Miguel, J. (2018). Looking back into trans persons’ experiences in heteronormative secondary physical education contexts. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 23(1), 103–116. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2017.1341477

Dickinson BD, Genel M, Robinowitz CB, Turner PL, & Woods GL. (2002). Gender verification of female Olympic athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(10), 1539–1542.

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Elsas LJ, Ljungqvist A, Ferguson-Smith MA, Simpson JL, Genel M, Carlson AS, Ferris E, de la Chapelle A, & Ehrhardt AA. (2000). Gender verification of female athletes. Genetics in Medicine : Official Journal of the American College of Medical Genetics, 2(4), 249–254.

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Fischer, M., & Mcclearen, J. (2020). Transgender Athletes and the Queer Art of Athletic Failure. Communication & Sport, 8(2), 147–167. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479518823207

Fusco, C. (1995). Lesbians and locker rooms: Challenging lesbophobia. Canadian Woman Studies, 15(4).

Gill, D. L., Morrow, R. G., Collins, K. E., Lucey, A. B., & Schultz, A. M. (2010). Perceived Climate in Physical Activity Settings. Journal of Homosexuality, 57(7), 895–913. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2010.493431

Greenspan, S. B., Griffith, C., & Murtagh, E. F. (2017). LGBTQ Youths’ School Athletic Experiences: A 40-Year Content Analysis in Nine Flagship Journals. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 11(3), 190–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2017.1346492

Halbrook, M. K., Watson, J. C., & Voelker, D. K. (2019). High School Coaches’ Experiences With Openly Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Athletes. Journal of Homosexuality, 66(6), 838–856. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2017.1423222

Halbrook, M., & Watson, J. C. (2018). High school coaches’ perceptions of their efficacy to work with lesbian, gay, and bisexual athletes. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 13(6), 841–848. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954118787494

Hargie, O. D., Mitchell, D. H., & Somerville, I. J. (2017). ‘People have a knack of making you feel excluded if they catch on to your difference’: Transgender experiences of exclusion in sport. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 52(2), 223–239. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690215583283

Henne, K. (2014). The “Science” of Fair Play in Sport: Gender and the Politics of Testing. Signs, 39(3), 787–812.

Hunter. (2019). What a queer space is HPE, or is it yet? Queer theory, sexualities and pedagogy. Sport, Education and Society, 24(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2017.1302416

Jones, B. A., Arcelus, J., Bouman, W. P., & Haycraft, E. (2017a). Sport and Transgender People: A Systematic Review of the Literature Relating to Sport Participation and Competitive Sport Policies. Sports Medicine, 47(4), 701–716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0621-y

Jones, B. A., Arcelus, J., Bouman, W. P., & Haycraft, E. (2017b). Barriers and facilitators of physical activity and sport participation among young transgender adults who are medically transitioning. International Journal of Transgenderism, 18(2), 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2017.1293581

Kauer, K. J., & Krane, V. (2013). Sexual identity and sport. In Gender relations in sport (pp. 53-71). Brill Sense.

King, S. (2008). What’s Queer about (Queer) Sport Sociology Now? A Review Essay. Sociology of Sport Journal, 25(4), 419–442. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.25.4.419

Knee, E. (2019). Gay, but not Inclusive: Boundary Maintenance in an LGBTQ Space. Leisure Sciences, 41(6), 499–515. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2018.1441767

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Landi, D., Flory, S. B., Safron, C., & Marttinen, R. (2020). LGBTQ Research in physical education: A rising tide? Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 25(3), 259–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2020.1741534

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Larsson, H., Quennerstedt, M., & Öhman, M. (2014). Heterotopias in physical education: Towards a queer pedagogy? Gender and Education, 26(2), 135–150. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2014.888403

Lenskyj, H. (1986). Out of bounds: Women, sport, and sexuality. Womens Press.

López-Cañada, E., Devís-Devís, J., Valencia-Peris, A., Pereira-García, S., Fuentes-Miguel, J., & Pérez-Samaniego, V. (2020). Physical Activity and Sport in Trans Persons Before and After Gender Disclosure: Prevalence, Frequency, and Type of Activities. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 1. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2019-0192

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Pérez-Samaniego, V., Fuentes-Miguel, J., Pereira-García, S., López-Cañada, E., & Devís-Devís, J. (2019). Experiences of trans persons in physical activity and sport: A qualitative meta-synthesis. Sport Management Review, 22(4), 439–451. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.08.002

Ravel, B., & Rail, G. (2008). From Straight to Gaie? Quebec Sportswomen’s Discursive Constructions of Sexuality and Destabilization of the Linear Coming Out Process. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 32(1), 4–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723507312022

Sartore, M. L., & Cunningham, G. B. (2009). Gender, Sexual Prejudice and Sport Participation: Implications for Sexual Minorities. Sex Roles, 60(1–2), 100–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-008-9502-7

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Sykes, H. (1998B). Turning the closets inside/out: Towards a queer-feminist theory in women’s physical education. Sociology of Sport Journal, 15(2), 154-173.

Teetzel, S., & Weaving, C. (2017). Gender Discrimination in Sport in the 21st Century: A Commentary on Trans-Athlete Exclusion in Canada from a Sociohistorical Perspective. SPORT HISTORY REVIEW, 48(2), 185–193. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1123/shr.2017-0004

Toomey, R. B., & McGeorge, C. R. (2018). Profiles of LGBTQ ally engagement in college athletics. Journal of LGBT Youth, 15(3), 162–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2018.1453428

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Válková, E. (2020). ‘You’re going to teach my son to be viado ’: From ‘girling’ to queering sport for development? International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 101269021989488. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690219894885

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Walker, N. A., & Melton, E. N. (2015). The Tipping Point: The Intersection of Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation in Intercollegiate Sports. Journal of Sport Management, 29(3), 257–271. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2013-0079

Appendix 1 : Review method in detail

Research tool	Date	Generic, specific and associated terms	Request	Limits applied	Number of results	Number of results kept	Notes
Ariane 2.0	04-06-20 to 07-06-20	GT = “Sexual orientation” ST = Lesbian, sport	“sexual orientation” AND “lesbian” AND “sport”	2000 to 2020	2495	37	Articles very relevant to 70, research change.
Ariane 2.0	07-06-20	GT = “Sexual orientation” ST = bisexual, sport	“sexual orientation” AND “bisexual” AND “sport”	2000 to 2020	1928	1	Only duplicates, search request to change.
Ariane 2.0	08-06-20 to 10-06-20	GT = queer ST = sport	“queer” AND “sport”	2000 to 2020	5095	67	Articles very relevant until 140.
Ariane 2.0	10-06-20	GT = trans ST = sport	“trans” AND “sport”	2000 to 2020	124 123	-	Too many results: request to change.
Ariane 2.0	10-06-20 to 11-06-20	GT = trans ST = “gender identity”, sport	“trans” AND “gender identity” AND “sport*”	2000 to 2020	1334	24	Articles very relevant until 40.
Ariane 2.0	11-06-20 to 24-06-20	GT = transgender ST = sport	“transgender” AND “sport*”	2000 to 2020	3272	70	Articles very relevant until 165.
Sofia		GT = intersex ST = sport	“intersex” AND “sport*”	2000 to 2020	177	17
Sofia	30-09-20	GT = non-binary ST = sport	“non-binary” AND “sport*”	2000 to 2020	34	1
Sofia	30-09-20	GT = bispiritual ST = sport	“bispiritual” AND “sport”	2000 to 2020	0	-

Appendix 2 : Articles classification in Zotero

Principal theme	Sub-theme
Gender equity	Women in sport
Sexual orientation	Bisexual Lesbian Homophobia
Gender identity	Gender testing Non-binary Queer Transgender Transphobia
Intersex athletes and sport participants
LGBTQI2S issues in sport	Sport sociology School athletics Physical education Sporting events Medias

Appendix 3 : Articles references

Gender equity

Adkins, A. (2020). Trapped in the Binary Divide: How Forced Contraceptives Violate the World Anti-Doping Code. American University International Law Review, 35(3), 576. Ariane Articles.

Carless, D. (2012). Negotiating sexuality and masculinity in school sport: An autoethnography. Sport, Education and Society, 17(5), 607–625. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2011.554536

Carney, A., & Chawansky, M. (2016). Taking sex off the sidelines: Challenging heteronormativity within ‘Sport in Development’ research. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 51(3), 284–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690214521616

Channon, A., Dashper, K., Fletcher, T., & Lake, R. J. (2016). The promises and pitfalls of sex integration in sport and physical culture. Sport in Society, 19(8–9), 1111–1124. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2016.1116167

Channon, A. G. (2013). Enter the discourse: Exploring the discursive roots of inclusivity in mixed-sex martial arts. Sport in Society, 16(10), 1293–1308. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2013.790896

Harmon, S. H. E. (2020). Gender inclusivity in sport? From value, to values, to actions, to equality for Canadian athletes. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 12(2), 255–268. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2019.1680415

Laberge, S. (2004). Les rapports sociaux de sexe dans le domaine du sport: Perspectives féministes marquantes des trois dernières décennies. Recherches féministes, 17(1), 9–38. Ariane Articles.

Ljungqvist, A. (2018). Sex segregation and sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(1), 3. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098511

McKay, J., & Laberge, S. (2006). Sport et masculinités. Clio, 23, 239–267. https://doi.org/10.4000/clio.1908

Peeters, R., & van Sterkenburg, J. (2017). Making sense of race/ethnicity and gender in televised football: Reception research among British students. Sport in Society, 20(5–6), 701–715. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2016.1158472

Richardson, N. (2018). ‘Whether you are gay or straight, I don’t like to see effeminate dancing’: Effeminophobia in performance-level ballroom dance. Journal of Gender Studies, 27(2), 207–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2016.1202105

Shuman, K. M., & Appleby, K. M. (2016). Gender preference? National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I student-athletes and strength and conditioning coaches.(Author abstract). Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(10), 2924. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001384

Stasi, M., & Evans, A. (2013). Glitter(Foot)ball Tactics: Negotiating Mainstream Gender Equality in Iceland. Men and Masculinities, 16(5), 560–578. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X13511251

Yiamouyiannis, A. (2009). Gender equity, sport sponsorship, and participation. New Directions for Institutional Research, 2009(144), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1002/ir.312

Women in sport

Broad, K. L. (2001). The Gendered Unapologetic: Queer Resistance in Women’s Sport. Sociology of Sport Journal, 18(2), 181–204. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.18.2.181

Caudwell, J. (2003). Sporting gender: Women’s footballing bodies as sites/sights for the (re) articulation of sex, gender, and desire. SOCIOLOGY OF SPORT JOURNAL, 20(4), 371–386. Ariane Articles.

Kim, S. Y., & Park, S. (2017). The Queer Sport of Failure: Representations of Female Athletes in Korean Sport Films. Sociology of Sport Journal, 34(4), 354–363. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2017-0006

McDonald, M. G. (2008). Rethinking Resistance: The Queer Play of the Women’s National Basketball Association, Visibility Politics and Late Capitalism. Leisure Studies, 27(1), 77–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360701687776

Ravel, B. (2011). Le sport comme espace favorable à l’expression de sexualités non traditionnelles: Le cas de différents sports d’équipe féminins au Québec. Recherches Féministes, 23(2), 109–125. https://doi.org/10.7202/045669ar

Schinke, R. J., Ge, Y., Petersen, B., Blodgett, A. T., Dupuis-Latour, J., & Coholic, D. (2019). Building a national team context based upon the identity challenges and intervention strategies of elite female boxers in their home training environments. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 10(2), 94–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520704.2018.1543221

Teetzel, S. (2014). The Onus of Inclusivity: Sport Policies and the Enforcement of the Women’s Category in Sport. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 41(1), 113–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2013.858394

Sexual orientation

Dashper, K. (2012). ‘Dressage Is Full of Queens!’ Masculinity, Sexuality and Equestrian Sport. Sociology, 46(6), 1109–1124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038512437898

Eng, H. (2008). Doing Sexuality in Sport. Journal of Homosexuality, 54(1–2), 103–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918360801951996

Fletcher, G. (2014). “You just wanna be like everyone else”: Exploring the experiences of gay, lesbian, bisexual and queer sportspeople through a languaging lens. Annals of Leisure Research: 11th Biennial Conference of the Australian and New Zealand Association for Leisure Studies, 17(4), 460–475. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2014.956130

Kerr, D. L., Santurri, L., & Peters, P. (2013). A Comparison of Lesbian, Bisexual, and Heterosexual College Undergraduate Women on Selected Mental Health Issues. Journal of American College Health, 61(4), 185–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2013.787619

Ravel, B., & Rail, G. (2006). The Lightness Of Being `Gaie’: Discursive Constructions of Gender and Sexuality in Quebec Women’s Sport. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 41(3–4), 395–412. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690207080239

Bisexual

Klein, N. A., & Dudley, M. G. (2014). Impediments to Academic Performance of Bisexual College Students. Journal of American College Health, 62(6), 399–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2014.917653

Lesbian

Anderson, A. R. (2017). Recreational Sport Participant Attitudes toward Lesbians and Gay Men: An Exploratory Study of Participation, Religion, Socioeconomic Status, and Sexual Identity. Recreational Sports Journal, 41(1), 27–41. https://doi.org/10.1123/rsj.2016-0002

Caudwell, J. (2007). Queering the Field? The complexities of sexuality within a lesbian-identified football team in England. Gender, Place & Culture, 14(2), 183–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/09663690701213750

Chawansky, M, & Francombe, J. (2011). Cruising for Olivia: Lesbian Celebrity and the Cultural Politics of Coming Out in Sport. SOCIOLOGY OF SPORT JOURNAL, 28(4), 461–477. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.28.4.461

Chawansky, Megan. (2016). Be who you are and be proud: Brittney Griner, intersectional invisibility and digital possibilities for lesbian sporting celebrity. Leisure Studies, 35(6), 771–782. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2015.1128476

Drury, S. (2011). ‘It seems really inclusive in some ways, but … inclusive just for people who identify as lesbian’: Discourses of gender and sexuality in a lesbian‐identified football club. Soccer & Society, 12(3), 421–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2011.568108

Hamdi, N., Lachheb, M., & Anderson, E. (2016). Queen of Fights: Lesbians in Tunisian Sports. Journal of Homosexuality, 63(8), 1127–1145. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2015.1117902

Jamieson, K. M., & Villaverde, L. E. (2009). In/Visible Bodies: Lesbian Sexualities and Sporting Spaces: Introduction. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 13(3), 231–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/10894160902876598

Kauer, K. J. (2009). Queering Lesbian Sexualities in Collegiate Sporting Spaces. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 13(3), 306–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/10894160902876804

Krane, V. (2001). One Lesbian Feminist Epistemology: Integrating Feminist Standpoint, Queer Theory, and Feminist Cultural Studies. The Sport Psychologist, 15(4), 401–411. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.15.4.401

Plymire, D. C., & Forman, P. J. (2001). Speaking of Cheryl Miller: Interrogating the Lesbian Taboo on a Women’s Basketball Newsgroup. NWSA Journal, 13(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.2979/NWS.2001.13.1.1

Sartore, M. L., & Cunningham, G. B. (2007). Gay and Lesbian Coaches’ Teams: Differences in Liking by Male and Female Former Sport Participants. Psychological Reports, 101(1), 270–272. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.101.1.270-272

Sartore, M. L., & Cunningham, G. B. (2009). The Lesbian Stigma in the Sport Context: Implications for Women of Every Sexual Orientation. Quest, 61(3), 289–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2009.10483617

Waldron, J. J. (2016). It’s Complicated: Negotiations and Complexities of Being a Lesbian in Sport. Sex Roles, 74(7), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-015-0521-x

Homophobia

Bury, J. (2015). Non-performing inclusion: A critique of the English Football Association’s Action Plan on homophobia in football. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 50(2), 211–226. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690213479789

Maurer-Starks, S. S., Clemons, H. L., & Whalen, S. L. (2008). Managing Heteronormativity and Homonegativity in Athletic Training: In and Beyond the Classroom. Journal of Athletic Training, 43(3), 326–336. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-43.3.326

Norman, L. (2012). Gendered homophobia in sport and coaching: Understanding the everyday experiences of lesbian coaches. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 47(6), 705–723. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690211420487

Osborne, B. (2007). “No drinking, no drugs, no lesbians”: Sexual orientation discrimination in intercollegiate athletics. Marquette Sports Law Review, 17(2), 501. Ariane Articles.

Osborne, D., & Wagner, W. E. (2007). Exploring the Relationship between Homophobia and Participation in Core Sports among High School Students. Sociological Perspectives, 50(4), 597–613. https://doi.org/10.1525/sop.2007.50.4.597

Rene Gregory, M. (2011). “The faggot clause”: The embodiment of homophobia in the corporate locker room. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 30(8), 651–667. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1108/02610151111183180

Short, D. (2007). The Informal Regulation of Gender: Fear and Loathing in the Locker Room: FORUM. Journal of Gender Studies, 16(2), 183–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589230701324751

Gender identity

Buzuvis, E. E. (2017). CHALLENGING GENDER IN SINGLE-SEX SPACES: LESSONS FROM A FEMINIST SOFTBALL LEAGUE.(Symposium on Sex Segregation and Women’s Sports). Law and Contemporary Problems, 80(4), 155. Ariane Articles.

Cherney, J. L., Lindemann, K., & Hardin, M. (2015). Research in Communication, Disability, and Sport. Communication & Sport, 3(1), 8–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479513514847

Gleaves, J., & Lehrbach, T. (2016). Beyond fairness: The ethics of inclusion for transgender and intersex athletes. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 43(2), 311–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2016.1157485

Haegele, J. A., Yessick, A., & Zhu, X. (2018). Females With Visual Impairments in Physical Education: Exploring the Intersection Between Disability and Gender Identities. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 89(3), 298–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2018.1484067

Harper, J. (2017). ATHLETIC GENDER.(Symposium on Sex Segregation and Women’s Sports). Law and Contemporary Problems, 80(4), 139. Ariane Articles.

Heggie, V. (2010). Testing sex and gender in sports; reinventing, reimagining and reconstructing histories. Endeavour, 34(4), 157–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endeavour.2010.09.005

Henne, K. (2014). The “Science” of Fair Play in Sport: Gender and the Politics of Testing. Signs, 39(3), 787–812.

Jönsson, K. (2007). Who’s afraid of Stella Walsh? On gender, ‘gene cheaters’, and the promises of cyborg athletes. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 1(2), 239–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/17511320701425132

Krane, V. (2009). A sport odyssey. Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise, 1(3), 221–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/19398440903192316

Krane, V., & Barak, K. S. (2012). Current Events and Teachable Moments: Creating Dialog About Transgender and Intersex Athletes. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 83(4), 38–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2012.10598761

Mcardle, D. (2008). Swallows and Amazons, or the Sporting Exception To the Gender Recognition Act. Social & Legal Studies, 17(1), 39–57. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1177/0964663907086455

Mennesson, C. (2005). Les « formes identitaires » sexuées des femmes investies dans des sports « masculins ». Science & Motricité, 54, 63–90. https://doi.org/10.3917/sm.054.0063

Nadeem, S., Cooky, C., Staurowsky, E. J., LaVoi, N. M., & Buzuvis, E. E. (2017). Title IX at XLV. Contexts, 16(3), 10–19. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536504217732047

Reeser, J. C. (2005). Gender identity and sport: Is the playing field level? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(10), 695–699. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.018119

Sullivan, C. (2011). Gender Verification and Gender Policies in Elite Sport: Eligibility and “Fair Play.” Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 35(4), 400–419.

Tagg, B. (2016). Men’s netball or gender-neutral netball? International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 51(3), 314–331. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690214524757

van Anders, S. M., Schudson, Z. C., Abed, E. C., Beischel, W. J., Dibble, E. R., Gunther, O. D., Kutchko, V. J., & Silver, E. R. (2017). Biological Sex, Gender, and Public Policy. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 4(2), 194–201. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732217720700

Wojciech Wiliński. (2012). Gender Identity in Female Football Players. Human Movement, 13(1), 40–47. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10038-012-0003-8

Gender testing

Dickinson BD, Genel M, Robinowitz CB, Turner PL, & Woods GL. (2002). Gender verification of female Olympic athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(10), 1539–1542.

Montañola, S., & Olivesi, A. (2016). Gender testing in sport: Ethics, cases and controversies (Vol. 1–1 online resource). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. http://site.ebrary.com/id/11153029

Non-binary

Pape M. (2019). Expertise and Non-binary Bodies: Sex, Gender and the Case of Dutee Chand. Body and Society, 25(4), 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357034X19865940

Queer

Alterowitz, G. (2014). Embodying a Queer Worldview: The Contemporary Ballets of Katy Pyle and Deborah Lohse. Dance Chronicle, 37(3), 335–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/01472526.2014.957599

Carter, C., & Baliko, K. (2017). “These are not my people”: Queer sport spaces and the complexities of community. Leisure Studies, 36(5), 696–707. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2017.1315164

Caudwell, Jayne. (2006). Sport, sexualities and queer/theory (Vol. 1–1 online resource (x, 180 pages)). Routledge. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10155703

Davidson, J., & Helstein, M. (2016). Queering the Gaze: Calgary Hockey Breasts, Dynamics of Desire, and Colonial Hauntings. Sociology of Sport Journal, 33(4), 282–293. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2016-0011

Henderson, C. W. (2018). Two balls is too many: Stadium performance and queerness among Portland’s Rose City Riveters supporters club. Sport in Society, 21(7), 1031–1046. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2017.1329825

King, S. (2008). What’s Queer about (Queer) Sport Sociology Now? A Review Essay. Sociology of Sport Journal, 25(4), 419–442. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.25.4.419

Krane, V. (2019). Sex, gender, and sexuality in sport: Queer inquiries (Vol. 1–1 online resource). Routledge. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=1946872

Linghede, E., & Larsson, H. (2017). Figuring More Livable Elsewheres: Queering Acts, Moments, and Spaces in Sport (Studies). Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 41(4), 290–306. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723517707700

Mann, M., & Krane, V. (2018). Inclusion and Normalization of Queer Identities in Women’s College Sport. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 26(2), 76–88. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2017-0033

Peterson, G. T., & Anderson, E. (2012). The Performance of Softer Masculinities on the University Dance Floor. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 20(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.2001.3

Rahman, M. (2011). The burdens of the flesh: Star power and the queer dialectic in sports celebrity. Celebrity Studies, 2(2), 150–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2011.574850

Sperling, J. (2020). Queer voices from the locker room. Journal of LGBT Youth, 17(2), 234–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2019.1631930

Travers, A. (2006). Queering Sport: Lesbian Softball Leagues and the Transgender Challenge. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 41(3–4), 431–446. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690207078070

Transgender

Andersen, W., & Loland, S. (2015). Sport and the obligation of solidarity. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 9(3), 243–256. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2015.1065432

Bal, B. (2011). The Ethical Duality in Sports: Social and Psychological Aspects of Transgender Participation. Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research, 53(1). Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10141-011-0017-5

Bialystok, L. (2016). Transgender Inclusion in Single-Sex Competition: The Case of Beauty Pageants. Social Theory and Practice, 42(3), 605–635. Ariane Articles.

Bianchi, A. (2017). Transgender women in sport. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 44(2), 229–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2017.1317602

Brown, K. D. (2014). The transgender student-athletes: Is there a Fourteenth Amendment right to participate on the gender-specific team of your choice? Marquette Sports Law Review, 25(1), 328. Ariane Articles.

Caudwell, J. (2014). [Transgender] young men: Gendered subjectivities and the physically active body. Sport, Education and Society, 19(4), 398–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2012.672320

Cavanagh, S. L., & Sykes, H. (2006). Transsexual Bodies at the Olympics: The International Olympic Committee’s Policy on Transsexual Athletes at the 2004 Athens Summer Games. Body & Society, 12(3), 75–102. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357034X06067157

Cohen, J. H., & Semerjian, T. Z. (2008). The Collision of Trans-Experience and the Politics of Women’s Ice Hockey. International Journal of Transgenderism, 10(3–4), 133–145. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532730802297322

Devine, J. W. (2019). Gender, Steroids, and Fairness in Sport. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 13(2), 161–169. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2017.1404627

Fischer, M., & Mcclearen, J. (2020). Transgender Athletes and the Queer Art of Athletic Failure. Communication & Sport, 8(2), 147–167. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479518823207

Flores, A. R., Haider-Markel, D. P., Lewis, D. C., Miller, P. R., Tadlock, B. L., & Taylor, J. K. (2020). Public Attitudes about Transgender Participation in Sports: The Roles of Gender, Gender Identity Conformity, and Sports Fandom. Sex Roles. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-01114-z

Gooren, L. J. (2008). Olympic sports and transsexuals. Asian Journal of Andrology, 10(3), 427–432. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00378.x

Gray, A., Crandall, R. E., & Tongsri, J. (2018). Transgender Student-Athletes and Their Inclusion in Intercollegiate Athletics. New Directions for Student Services, 2018(163), 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.20269

Grossman, A. H., O’Connell, T. S., & D’Augelli, A. R. (2005). Leisure and recreational “girl‐boy” activities—Studying the unique challenges provided by transgendered young people. Leisure/Loisir, 29(1), 5–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2005.9651321

Hacke, R. D. (2018). “Girls will be Boys, and Boys will be Girls”: The Emergence of the Transgender Athlete and a Defensive Game Plan for High Schools that want to Keep their Playing Fields Level—For Athletes of Both Genders. Texas Review of Entertainment and Sports Law, 18(2), 153. Ariane Articles.

Hutchins, A. (2017). Staying in the game. Maclean’s. Ariane Articles.

Klein, A., Krane, V., & Paule-Koba, A. L. (2018). Bodily changes and performance effects in a transitioning transgender college athlete. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 10(5), 555–569. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2018.1466721

Klein, A., Paule-Koba, A. L., & Krane, V. (2019). The journey of transitioning: Being a trans male athlete in college sport. Sport Management Review, 22(5), 626–639. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.09.006

Lenzi, M. (2018). THE TRANS ATHLETE DILEMMA: A CONSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF HIGH SCHOOL TRANSGENDER STUDENT-ATHLETE POLICIES. American University Law Review, 67(3), 841–889. Ariane Articles.

Lucas-Carr, Cathryn, & Krane, V. (2012). Troubling Sport or Troubled by Sport. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 6(1), 21–44. https://doi.org/10.1179/ssa.2012.6.1.21

Lucas-Carr, Cb, & Krane, V. (2011). What is the T in LGBT? Supporting Transgender Athletes Through Sport Psychology. SPORT PSYCHOLOGIST, 25(4), 532–548. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.25.4.532

Mahoney, T. Q., Dodds, M. A., & Polasek, K. M. (2015). Progress for Transgender Athletes: Analysis of the School Success and Opportunity Act: Editor: Thomas H. Sawyer. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 86(6), 45–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2015.1054202

Morris, J. F., & Van Raalte, J. L. (2016). Transgender and gender nonconforming athletes: Creating safe spaces for all. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 7(2), 121–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520704.2016.1184732

Patchett, E., & Foster, J. (2015). Inclusive Recreation: The State of Campus Policies, Facilities, Trainings, and Programs for Transgender Participants. Recreational Sports Journal, 39(2), 83–91. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1123/rsj.2015-0028

Pieper, L. P. (2012). Gender Regulation: Renée Richards Revisited. The International Journal of the History of Sport: Sport, Women, Society: International Perspectives, 29(5), 675–690. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2012.675202

Pilgrim, J., Martin, D., & Binder, W. (2003). Far from the finish line: Transsexualism and athletic competition. Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal, 13(2), 549. Ariane Articles.

Pirics, M. M. (2017). Undressing the locker room issue: Applying Title IX to the legal battle over locker room equality for transgender student-athletes. Marquette Sports Law Review, 27(2), 470. Ariane Articles.

Shell, M. (2016). Transgender student-athletes in Texas school districts: Why can’t the UIL give all students equal playing time?(University Interscholastic League). Texas Tech Law Review, 48(4), 1079. Ariane Articles.

Singh, Bal, Singh, K., & Sharma, N. (2010). Equality, Equity and Inclusion: Transgender Athletes’ Participation in Competitive Sports—A New Era. Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research, 49(1), 85–88. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10141-010-0020-2

Singh, Baljinder, & Singh, K. (2011). The Hermeneutics of Participation of Transgender Athletes in Sports—Intensifying Third Force. Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research, 52(1), 44–48. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10141-011-0013-9

Singleton, J. (2019). FALLING SHORT: HOW THE INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE’S TRANSGENDER REGULATIONS FALLS SHORT OF ITS INTENDED PURPOSE OF PROMOTING FAIRNESS IN SPORT AND COMPETITION. Capital University Law Review, 47(4), 816. Ariane Articles.

Smith, T. R. (2017). NOT THROWING IN THE TOWEL: CHALLENGING EXCLUSIVE INTERSCHOLASTIC TRANSGENDER ATHLETIC POLICIES UNDER TITLE IX. The Jeffrey S. Moorad Sports Law Journal, 24(2), 349. Ariane Articles.

Stewart, L., Oates, J., & O’Halloran, P. (2020). “My Voice Is My Identity”: The Role of Voice for Trans Women’s Participation in Sport.(Report). Journal of Voice, 34(1), 78. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2018.05.015

Storrie, R., & Rohleder, P. (2018). “I think if I had turned up sporting a beard and a dress then you get in trouble”: Experiences of transgender students at UK universities. Psychology & Sexuality, 9(4), 317–328. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2018.1492435

Tagg, B. (2012). Transgender Netballers: Ethical Issues and Lived Realities. SOCIOLOGY OF SPORT JOURNAL, 29(2), 151–167. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.29.2.151

Tuthill, M. (2015). The strength within her.(Janae Marie Kroc, formerly known as Matt Kroczaleski)(Interview). Joe Weider’s Muscle & Fitness, 76(9), 96. Ariane Articles.

Ward, S. F. (2013). A gender change at a tender age: For young people, a transgender life means stress and confusion over restrooms and sports, and how to deal with harassment. ABA Journal, 99(10), 42. Ariane Articles.

Wiik, A., Lundberg, T. R., Rullman, E., Andersson, D. P., Mats, H., Mirko, M., Brismar, T. B., Olof, D. L., Setareh, C., John N, F., Stefan, A., & Thomas, G. (2019). Muscle strength, size and composition following 12 months of gender-affirming treatment in transgender individuals. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 105(3). Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgz247

Wilson, S. L., D’Lugos, A. C., Serrano, N., Jorgensen, T. M., Harper, J., Gaesser, G. A., Dickinson, J. M., & Angadi, S. S. (2019). Cardiovascular Adaptations During the Hormonal Transition of a Male-to-Female Transgender Athlete: 2230 Board #3 May 31 9:30 AM - 11:30 AM. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 51(Supplement), 608. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000562319.09371.00

Ziegler, E. M., & Huntley, T. I. (2013). “It got too tough to not be me”: Accommodating transgender athletes in sport. Journal of College and University Law, 39(2), 509. Ariane Articles.

Transphobia

Intersex athletes and sport participants

Archibald, C. J. (2019). Transgender and Intersex Sports Rights. Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law, 26(3), 275. Ariane Articles.

Dabholkar, S. (2013). A need to intercede? The International Olympic Committee and intersexuality. The International Sports Law Journal, 13(1–2), 55–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40318-013-0012-6

Linghede, E. (2018). The promise of glitching bodies in sport: A posthumanist exploration of an intersex phenomenon. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 10(5), 570–584. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2018.1479980

Newbould, M. J. (2016). What do we do about women athletes with testes? Journal of Medical Ethics, 42(4), 256. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2015-102948

Ritchie R, Reynard J, & Lewis T. (2008). Intersex and the Olympic Games. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 101(8), 395–399. https://doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.2008.080086

Sailors P.R. (2020). Transgender and Intersex Athletes and the Women’s Category in Sport. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy. https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2020.1756904

Samantha Glazer. (2012). Sporting Chance: Litigating Sexism out of the Olympic Intersex Policy. Journal of Law and Policy, 20(2).

Wahlert L, & Fiester A. (2012). Gender transports: Privileging the “natural” in gender testing debates for intersex and transgender athletes. The American Journal of Bioethics : AJOB, 12(7), 19–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2012.683750

Xavier, N. A., & McGill, J. B. (2012). Hyperandrogenism and Intersex Controversies in Womenʼs Olympics. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 97(11), 3902–3907. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-2792

LGBTQI2S issues in sport

Anders, A. D., & DeVita, J. M. (2019). Coaches, gender non-conforming youth and athletics: Examining male identity and masculine expression. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2019.1693067

Atteberry-Ash, B., & Woodford, M. (2018). Support for Policy Protecting LGBT Student Athletes among Heterosexual Students Participating in Club and Intercollegiate Sports. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 15(2), 151–162. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-017-0283-z

Barber, H., & Krane, V. (2007). Creating a Positive Climate for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youths. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 78(7), 6–52. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2007.10598047

Ceatha, N., Mayock, P., Campbell, J., Noone, C., & Browne, K. (2019). The Power of Recognition: A Qualitative Study of Social Connectedness and Wellbeing through LGBT Sporting, Creative and Social Groups in Ireland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(19). Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193636

Cunningham, G. (2012). A Multilevel Model for Understanding the Experiences of LGBT Sport Participants. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 6(1), 5–20. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1179/ssa.2012.6.1.5

Cunningham, G. B. (2015). Creating and Sustaining Workplace Cultures Supportive of LGBT Employees in College Athletics. Journal of Sport Management, 29(4), 426–442. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2014-0135

Cunningham, G. B., & Pickett, A. C. (2018). Trans Prejudice in Sport: Differences from LGB Prejudice, the Influence of Gender, and Changes over Time. Sex Roles, 78(3–4), 220–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0791-6

Cunningham, G., & Melton, E. N. (2014). Varying Degrees of Support: Understanding Parents’ Positive Attitudes Toward LGBT Coaches. Journal of Sport Management, 28(4), 387–398. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2013-0004

Guntupalli, A. M., Clark, T., Fenaughty, J., Denny, S., Fleming, T., Smith, M., & Utter, J. (2019). Body size and weight, and the nutrition and activity behaviours of sexual and gender minority youth: Findings and implications from New Zealand (cambridgeS1368980019001149). 22(13), 2346–2356. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980019001149

Herrick, S. S. C., & Duncan, L. R. (2018). A Qualitative Exploration of LGBTQ+ and Intersecting Identities Within Physical Activity Contexts. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 40(6), 1. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2018-0090

Herrick, S. S. C., & Duncan, L. R. (2020). Locker-Room Experiences Among LGBTQ+ Adults. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 1. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2019-0133

Kavoura, A., & Kokkonen, M. (2020). What do we know about the sporting experiences of gender and sexual minority athletes and coaches? A scoping review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2020.1723123

Knee, E. (2019). Gay, but not Inclusive: Boundary Maintenance in an LGBTQ Space. Leisure Sciences, 41(6), 499–515. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2018.1441767

Kulick, A., Wernick, L. J., Espinoza, M. A. V., Newman, T. J., & Dessel, A. B. (2019). Three strikes and you’re out: Culture, facilities, and participation among LGBTQ youth in sports. Sport, Education and Society, 24(9), 939–953. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2018.1532406

Lawley, S. (2019). Spaces and laces: Insights from LGBT initiatives in sporting institutions. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 33(3), 502–514. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-11-2018-0342

Lee, W., & Cunningham, G. (2016). Gender, Sexism, Sexual Prejudice, and Identification with U.S. Football and Men’s Figure Skating. Sex Roles, 74(9–10), 464–471. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0598-x

Mattey, E., McCloughan, L. J., & Hanrahan, S. J. (2014). Anti-Vilification Programs in Adolescent Sport. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 5(3), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520704.2014.925528

Mavhandu-Mudzusi, A. H. (2014). Experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex students regarding sports participation in a South African rural based university: Health. African Journal for Physical Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 20(2), 710–720. Ariane Articles.

Place, G., & Beggs, B. (2011). Motivation Factors for Participation in GLBT Sports League. Journal of Homosexuality, 58(10), 1409–1420. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2011.614909

Sartore-Baldwin, M. (2012). Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Athletes in Sport. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 6(1), 141–152. https://doi.org/10.1179/ssa.2012.6.1.141

Trussell, D. E., Kovac, L., & Apgar, J. (2018). LGBTQ parents’ experiences of community youth sport: Change your forms, change your (hetero) norms. Sport Management Review, 21(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2017.03.003

Ullman, J. (2014). Ladylike/butch, sporty/dapper: Exploring ‘gender climate’ with Australian LGBTQ students using stage–environment fit theory. Sex Education, 14(4), 430–443. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2014.919912

Sport sociology

Brody, E. (2019). With the 249th Pick . . .: Michael Sam and Imagining Failure Otherwise. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 43(4), 296–318. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723519840504

Davidson, J. (2013). Sporting Homonationalisms: Sexual Exceptionalism, Queer Privilege, and the 21st Century International Lesbian and Gay Sport Movement. Sociology of Sport Journal, 30(1), 57–82. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.30.1.57

Edwards, L., & Jones, C. (2009). Postmodernism, Queer Theory and Moral Judgment in Sport: Some Critical Reflections. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 44(4), 331–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690209346082

Pavlidis, A., & Olive, R. (2014). On the track/in the bleachers: Authenticity and feminist ethnographic research in sport and physical cultural studies. Sport in Society, 17(2), 218–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2013.828703

Sykes, H. (2007). Anxious identification in ‘The Sopranos’ and sport: Psychoanalytic and queer theories of embodiment. Sport, Education and Society, 12(2), 127–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573320701287445

School athletics

DeFoor, M., Stepleman, L., & Mann, P. (2018). Improving Wellness for LGB Collegiate Student-Athletes Through Sports Medicine: A Narrative Review. Sports Medicine - Open, 4(1), 1–10. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-018-0163-y

Greenspan, S. B., Griffith, C., Hayes, C. R., & Murtagh, E. F. (2019). LGBTQ + and ally youths’ school athletics perspectives: A mixed-method analysis. Journal of LGBT Youth, 16(4), 403–434. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2019.1595988

Greenspan, S. B., Whitcomb, S., & Griffith, C. (2019). Promoting Affirming School Athletics for LGBTQ Youth Through Professional Development. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 29(1), 68–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/10474412.2018.1482217

Toomey, R. B., & McGeorge, C. R. (2018). Profiles of LGBTQ ally engagement in college athletics. Journal of LGBT Youth, 15(3), 162–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2018.1453428

Physical education

Block, B. A. (2014). Supporting LGBTQ Students in Physical Education: Changing the Movement Landscape. Quest, 66(1), 14–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2013.824904

Foley, J. T., Pineiro, C., Miller, D., & Foley, M. L. (2016). Including Transgender Students in School Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 87(3), 5–8. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2016.1131544

Hunter. (2019). What a queer space is HPE, or is it yet? Queer theory, sexualities and pedagogy. Sport, Education and Society, 24(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2017.1302416

JOPERD. (2018). What are your approaches, experiences, observations, and/or policies pertaining to the inclusion of transgender people in physical education classes and/or sport teams? Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 89(1), 59–60. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2018.1393236

Landi, D. (2018). Toward a queer inclusive physical education. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 23(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2017.1341478

Landi, D. (2019). Queer men, affect, and physical education. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(2), 168–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2018.1504230

Mullin, E. M. (2013). Scale Development: Heterosexist Attitudes in Women’s Collegiate Athletics. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 17(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2013.741357

Pérez-Samaniego, V., Fuentes-Miguel, J., Pereira-García, S., & Devís-Devís, J. (2016). Abjection and alterity in the imagining of transgender in physical education and sport: A pedagogical approach in higher education. Sport, Education and Society, 21(7), 985–1002. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2014.981253

Stocz, M., Shremshock, P., & Benner, R. (2019). Transgender Considerations in Physical Education: Editor: Thomas H. Sawyer. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 90(5), 45–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2019.1583023

Sykes, H. (2009). The qBody Project: From Lesbians in Physical Education to Queer Bodies In/Out of School. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 13(3), 238–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/10894160902876671

Westrick, R. L., & Lower, L. M. (2016). Transgender Students: Are They a Protected Class?: Editor: Thomas H. Sawyer. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 87(6), 44–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2016.1192919

Sporting events

Butler, S., & Bissell, K. (2015). Olympic Effort: Disability, Culture, and Resistance in the 2012 London Olympic Games. Journalism & Mass Communication Monographs, 17(4), 228–273. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1177/1522637915602241

Caudwell, J. (2018). Configuring human rights at EuroPride 2015. Leisure Studies, 37(1), 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2017.1383505

Davidson, J. (2014). Racism against the abnormal? The twentieth century Gay Games, biopower and the emergence of homonational sport. Leisure Studies, 33(4), 357–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2012.723731

Davidson, J., & McDonald, M. G. (2018). Rethinking human rights: The 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics, LGBT protections and the limits of cosmopolitanism. Leisure Studies, 37(1), 64–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2017.1310284

Green, J. (2016). Welcome to Pride Night. Bloomberg Businessweek, 29. Ariane Articles.

Krane, V., Barber, H., & Mcclung, L. R. (2002). Social Psychological Benefits of Gay Games Participation: A Social Identity Theory Explanation. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(1), 27–42. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200209339009

Lambert, K. (2009). The 2002 Sydney Gay Games: Re-Presenting “Lesbian” Identities through Sporting Space. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 13(3), 319–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/10894160902876812

Mumcu, C., & Lough, N. (2017). Are Fans Proud of the WNBA’s “Pride” Campaign? SPORT MARKETING QUARTERLY, 26(1), 42–54. Ariane Articles.

Sykes, H. (2016). Gay Pride on Stolen Land: Homonationalism and Settler Colonialism at the Vancouver Winter Olympics. Sociology of Sport Journal, 33(1), 54–65. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2015-0040

Travers, A., & Shearman, M. (2017). The Sochi Olympics, Celebration Capitalism, and Homonationalist Pride. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 41(1), 42–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723516685273

Waitt, G. (2005). The Sydney 2002 Gay Games and Querying Australian National Space. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 23(3), 435–452. https://doi.org/10.1068/d401

Media

Billings, A. C., Moscowitz, L. M., Rae, C., & Brown-Devlin, N. (2015). The Art of Coming Out: Traditional and Social Media Frames Surrounding the NBA’s Jason Collins. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 92(1), 142–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699014560516

Caudwell, J. (2009). Girlfight and Bend it Like Beckham: Screening Women, Sport, and Sexuality. Journal of Lesbian Studies: In/Visible Bodies: Lesbian Sexualities and Sporting Spaces, 13(3), 255–271. Ariane Articles. https://doi.org/10.1080/10894160902876697

Cunningham, G., & Melton, E. (2014). Signals and Cues: LGBT Inclusive Advertising and Consumer Attraction. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 23(1), 37–46. Ariane Articles.

Moscowitz, L. M., Billings, A. C., Ejaz, K., & O’Boyle, J. (2019). Outside the Sports Closet: News Discourses of Professional Gay Male Athletes in the Mainstream. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 43(3), 249–271. https://doi.org/10.1177/0196859918808333

Pieper, L. P. (2015). Mike Penner ‘or’ Christine Daniels: The US media and the fractured representation of a transgender sportswriter. Sport in Society, 18(2), 186–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2013.854472

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